As shown in the figure, this is a detection circuit designed to sense whether an object is present or not. The light-emitting diode (LED) and the phototransistor are positioned on opposite sides of the area being monitored. When an object is placed between them, it blocks the light emitted by the LED from reaching the phototransistor. However, when the object is removed, the light from the LED directly hits the phototransistor, causing it to conduct. This change in the phototransistor's conductivity affects the voltage at the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier (IC177). As a result, the output of the operational amplifier switches to a high level signal, indicating that the object has been detected as absent. This simple yet effective circuit can be used in various applications such as automated doors, conveyor belt systems, and object counting mechanisms. The use of an operational amplifier ensures a clear and stable output signal, making the system reliable and easy to integrate into larger control systems. Understanding how each component interacts is essential for designing and troubleshooting similar detection circuits. Whether you're a student, hobbyist, or engineer, this example demonstrates the practical application of basic electronic components in real-world scenarios. By adjusting the sensitivity of the phototransistor or modifying the op-amp configuration, you can tailor the circuit to suit different detection requirements. Overall, this circuit serves as a great starting point for learning about optical sensing and analog signal processing.
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