**Introduction**
Traditional agriculture has long relied on manual labor, leading to low productivity and inefficiency. As a result, there is an urgent need to transition towards modern agricultural practices. Greenhouse technology stands out as a key innovation in this transformation, allowing crops to grow in a controlled, semi-closed environment that is independent of natural weather conditions. Since the 1990s, China has been studying advanced greenhouse technologies from countries like the Netherlands and the United States. However, due to differences in climate, soil conditions, and farming practices, it is not feasible to directly adopt foreign models. Instead, a tailored greenhouse control system must be developed to suit local conditions across different regions in China.
To address these challenges, a remote monitoring and control system for greenhouses was designed. Among various environmental factors, air temperature and humidity play a crucial role in crop growth. Therefore, the system focuses on monitoring and regulating these two parameters. Traditional 51 series microcontrollers lack sufficient processing power and scalability, while PLC-based systems tend to be too expensive. To overcome these limitations, the STM32 microcontroller was selected for its rich peripherals, strong expandability, and cost-effectiveness, making it ideal for use in a smart greenhouse system.
**1. System Overall Design**
A remote monitoring and control system for greenhouses based on the STM32 microcontroller was developed. This system enables real-time monitoring and control of temperature and humidity within the greenhouse. The STM32 serves as the central controller, while a remote control software built using MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) allows users to interact with the system remotely. An ENC28J60 network module was integrated into the STM32 design, enabling the system to connect to the internet. Additionally, the LwIP protocol was implemented in the STM32 firmware, allowing communication between the controller and the remote software via TCP/IP.
The STM32 controller directly interfaces with the DHT11 sensor and relay module. The DHT11 measures the temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse, while the relay module controls the heating and cooling systems—such as the wet curtain system—to adjust the internal environment. Using the VC6.0 platform, an intuitive user interface was created with MFC, enabling users to monitor environmental conditions, control greenhouse equipment, and store data in a database. As shown in Figure 1, the system provides a comprehensive solution for smart greenhouse management.
**Figure 1: System Overall Block Diagram**
**2. System Hardware Design**
**2.1 Selection of Core Processor**
The STM32 microcontroller is equipped with a wide range of peripherals, including 64 KB of static RAM and 512 KB of flash memory. It offers up to 112 GPIO pins, which can be configured in four different modes as needed. The microcontroller also features seven general-purpose DMA channels for efficient data transfer between memory and peripherals. It includes three 12-bit ADCs for analog-to-digital conversion, one I2C bus controller, two SPI buses for communication between master and slave devices, an external Ethernet interface, three USART ports, one SDIO interface for memory expansion, and a JTAG interface for debugging. These features make the STM32 a powerful and flexible choice for building an intelligent greenhouse control system.
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