RS232 communication typically requires only three lines and a well-designed protocol to function properly. For serial ports equipped with DMA or multi-level hardware FIFO buffers, full-duplex communication is straightforward and efficient. However, this setup has limitations when the receiver becomes overloaded. In such cases, the serial port's handshake mechanism becomes essential for reliable data transfer.
Hardware handshake involves additional control lines beyond the basic TX and RX signals. The most common pair is RTS (Request to Send) and CTS (Clear to Send). These lines allow the receiver to signal its readiness to accept data. When the receiver is ready, it pulls the RTS line high. If the sender is also prepared, it responds by pulling the CTS line high, indicating that it is about to send data.
Another pair of lines, DTR (Data Terminal Ready) and DSR (Data Set Ready), are primarily used in modem communications. These lines help establish and maintain a connection between the PC and the modem. For example, when the modem is connected and ready to receive data, it sets the DTR line high. The PC then checks the DSR line; if it’s high, it starts sending data. In general, DTR/DSR indicates whether the system is ready for communication, while RTS/CTS manages the actual data transmission on a per-packet basis.
Understanding these handshake mechanisms is crucial for developing robust serial communication systems, especially in environments where data flow must be controlled to prevent buffer overflows and data loss. Whether you're working with industrial equipment, embedded systems, or legacy devices, knowing how to implement and configure these handshakes can greatly improve the reliability and performance of your communication interfaces.
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