Introduction: With the breakthrough of the third-generation semiconductor material GaN and the advent of blue, green and white light-emitting diodes, following the microelectronic revolution triggered by semiconductor technology, it is gestating a new industrial revolution - the lighting revolution, its logo It is the semiconductor lamp that will gradually replace incandescent and fluorescent lamps. The semiconductor lamp uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as a new light source. Under the same brightness, the power consumption is only 1/10 of that of an ordinary white light, and the lifetime is 100 times that of a white light.
Because semiconductor lighting (also known as solid-state lighting) has the advantages of energy saving, long life, maintenance-free, environmental protection, etc., it is generally believed that, like transistors instead of electron tubes, semiconductor lamps replace traditional incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps, which is also the trend of the times. A battle to seize the commanding heights of the emerging industries of semiconductor lighting has already started around the world. The US Department of Energy predicts that by 2010, 55% of incandescent and fluorescent lamps in the United States will be replaced by semiconductor lamps, saving $35 billion annually. Japan proposed that large-scale replacement of traditional incandescent lamps with semiconductor lamps in 2006. According to estimates, in the United States only seven years later, semiconductor lighting may form a large industry of 50 billion US dollars.
In order to grasp the new industrial opportunities in this history, on June 19, 2003, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Information Industry, the Ministry of Construction and other departments set up a “National Semiconductor Lighting Project†coordination leading group and launched the “National Semiconductor Lighting Projectâ€. Four cities including Shanghai, Dalian, Xiamen and Nanchang were awarded as the first batch of national semiconductor lighting engineering industrialization bases.
I. Development status of domestic semiconductor lighting industry
Research on LEDs, such as light-emitting devices that convert electrical energy into light energy, has long since begun. The first light-emitting diode (LED) independently developed by China is only a few months behind the world's first LED. However, China started late in the field of high-brightness LEDs. Since 1993, with the support of the National 863 Program and other scientific and technological programs, the gap between the high-tech research and development in the field of information optoelectronics has shortened the gap with the international level. The results transformation industrial base was gradually established, such as the Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the 13th Research Institute of the China Electronics Technology Group, the Wuhan Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, the Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the development technology of Shenzhen, the Feitong Company, etc. It has grown into an industrial group of information optoelectronics in China. Each base has its own leading domestic advantages in the technical field, such as the development of visible light laser and GaN blue in Beijing, Wuhan in the close integration of optical fiber communication devices and system development, and the scale of the red orange yellow LED in Shijiazhuang. In terms of chemical production, Shenzhen has its own characteristics in the production and marketing of optical communication devices, and Changchun's green-light solid-state lasers in LD pumping. A lot of research work has begun in related fields. According to experts, on the whole, the technical level of China's semiconductor light-emitting diode industry is only about three years away from developed countries.
From the development trend of international semiconductor lighting engineering, China still has a big gap with the international advanced level in terms of material quality and device index, especially in some key industrial technologies of semiconductor lighting. The highest technical barriers in LED products are the production of products in the upper and middle reaches. At present, there are many manufacturers who have peeked at this huge business opportunity. China has initially formed a relatively complete industrial chain from epitaxial wafer production, chip fabrication, device package integration and application. There are more than 400 large-scale enterprises engaged in the production of semiconductor light-emitting diode devices and lighting systems, mainly engaged in the packaging of imported chips, which has occupied a considerable share in the international market. However, due to the limitations of technology, capital and industrialization processes, there are only a handful of enterprises that can achieve large-scale production in China, mainly distributed in several regions such as South China, East China, North China and Northeast China. In the west, research and development of LEDs is almost blank.
Second, the city's development of the semiconductor lighting industry is facing major opportunities
First, China has a huge lighting industry and lighting city. China is now one of the world's largest producers and exporters of lighting appliances. According to figures provided by the China Lighting Association, last year's sales revenue was 44.5 billion yuan, and exports earned 4.3 billion US dollars. However, the lighting industry is not strong, mainly low-end products, low profit margins, and lack of international market competitiveness. According to the search: The United States now uses 600 billion kWh of electricity per year, which accounts for about 20% of the total electricity. China's annual lighting power consumption is only 200 billion kWh, accounting for 12% of the country's total electricity consumption. This means that the lighting industry has huge room for development in China.
Second, the state attaches great importance to the development of the optoelectronics industry. During the fifteenth period, the national semiconductor lighting industrialization base and demonstration project will be built, and the national semiconductor lighting project will be included in the 11th Five-Year Science and Technology Development Plan, and the “National Semiconductor Lighting Project†will be launched to provide financial and technical support.
Third, the city has certain technology and industry base in this field. Gansu Xintian Technology Co., Ltd., a Sino-US joint venture company in China, is jointly invested by Dr. Hang Zhiqiang and Tianshui Tianguang Semiconductor Co., Ltd., specializing in high-brightness LEDs. Development with semiconductor lasers. The high-brightness blue-light diode project was listed by the state as the “863†pilot project plan and the Gansu provincial science and technology research plan. The project has made breakthroughs in key technologies. Dr. Chu Zhensheng, who introduced the Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, successfully developed red lasers and yellow LEDs to fill the gap in optoelectronics in western China. At the same time, it has jointly developed the research and development line system of optoelectronics with Lanzhou University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Huatian Microelectronics Co., Ltd. and Tianshui Qinghua Instrument Factory to form industrial key and industrial group from product design and development, chip manufacturing and packaging.
Fourth, the development of the semiconductor lighting industry can give play to the comparative advantages of the city. The semiconductor lighting industry, especially the chip packaging and lighting system industry located downstream of the industrial chain, is both a technology-intensive industry and a labor-intensive industry, and its difficulty and risk are much lower than the microelectronics industry. The development of the semiconductor lighting industry will give full play to the city's human resources and industrial advantages, drive related industries, and increase exports and employment.
Third, the city's development of semiconductor industry recommendations
-- It is recommended that the city set up a coordination leading group for the semiconductor lighting engineering industrialization base, adhere to the principle of government guidance, enterprise-oriented, and market-oriented operation, and will take the city's strength into the commanding heights of this emerging industry, and strive to bring our city to an early stage. Established the first national semiconductor lighting industry base in the west.
-- To carry out strategic research on the development of optoelectronics and semiconductor lighting as an emerging industry in the city, formulate a medium- and long-term development plan, and develop the national semiconductor lighting engineering industrialization base in the development of optoelectronics industry as a way to improve local economic aggregates and optimize industrial structure and The pillar industry that transforms and upgrades the technical level of the city's electronics industry is included in the “Eleventh Five-Year†development plan of the city, thus establishing the city's leading position in the development of the electronics industry and semiconductor lighting projects in the west.
-- Established a photonics and semiconductor lighting engineering industrial park. Established an electronic and semiconductor lighting engineering sub-park in the Tianshui Electronics Industrial Park to be established in the city. Attracting talents from domestic and foreign research institutes, universities, and industry, and the financial community to come to our city for entrepreneurship and investment, to carry out division of labor and cooperation, and to jointly tackle the problem, to form a national first-class electronic industrialization and semiconductor lighting engineering research, development and transformation of results. .
-- Continue to strive for support and investment from the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Information Industry, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Economic Commission, and relevant departments in the province, and strengthen the support of key technologies in semiconductor lighting engineering, especially in the midstream of the industrial chain with high technical threshold. Breakthrough in industrialization of scale. At the same time, it is recommended to set up special funds in the city to provide financial support for the semiconductor lighting industry in technology research and development, talent introduction and environmental construction. As soon as possible to build a complete industrial chain of semiconductor lighting engineering, to achieve industrialization.
-- Introduce preferential policies and measures to promote the development of the optoelectronics industry and semiconductor lighting projects, support in investment, talent, finance, taxation, land, etc., improve the investment environment, and create a good development environment and social atmosphere for accelerating the construction of semiconductor lighting projects. Promote the rapid development of semiconductor lighting engineering industrialization and realize the leap-forward development of Tianshui City's economy.
Fire cable type
UL flame retardant standards mainly have the following grades: CMP, CMR, CM, CMG, CMX.
1) Boost stage CMP stage (air combustion test / boost combustion test / Steiner tunnel test)
This is the highest rated Plenum Cable in the UL fire protection standard. The applicable safety standard is UL910. The test stipulated that several samples should be laid on the horizontal air duct of the equipment and burned with 87.9 kW gas burner Bunsen burner (300,000 BTU/Hr). 20 minutes. Pass criteria is that the flame must not exceed 5 feet in front of the Bunsen burner flame. The peak value of the optical density is 0.5 at the maximum, and the maximum value of the average density is 0.15.
This type of CMP cable is usually installed in a return air pressurizing system used in ventilation ducts or air handling equipment and has been approved by Canada and the United States. FEP / PLENUM materials that meet the UL910 standard have better flame retardancy than lower-smoke halogen-free materials that meet IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3 standards, and have lower smoke concentrations.
2) Relay Level - CMR Level (Riser Fire Test)
This is a commercial-grade cable in the UL standard. The applicable safety standard is UL1666. The test stipulated that a plurality of samples be laid on a vertical axis of simulation, using the specified 154.5 kilowatt gas burner (527,500 BTU/Hr) for 30 minutes. Passing the standard is that the flame cannot spread to the upper part of a 12-foot-high room. The trunk cable does not have a smoke concentration specification and is typically used for floor vertical and horizontal cabling.
3) Commercial grade CM grade (vertical tray flame test)
This is a universal cable in the UL standard. The applicable safety standard is UL 1581. The test stipulated that a number of specimens should be placed on an 8-foot-high vertical stand and burned (70,000 BTU/Hr) for 20 minutes using the prescribed 20 KW band torch. By the standard, the flame should not spread to the upper end of the cable and extinguish itself. UL1581 is similar to IEC60332-3C except that the number of installed cables is different. Commercial grade cables do not have smoke density specifications and are generally only suitable for horizontal cabling on the same floor. They should not be used for vertical wiring on the floor.
4) Universal CMG (vertical tray flame test)
This is a universal cable in the UL standard. The applicable safety standard is UL 1581. Business class and common test conditions are similar, and they are also approved for use in Canada and the United States. Universal cable does not have smoke concentration specifications. They are usually applied only to horizontal cabling on the same floor and not to vertical cabling on the floor.
5) Home level - CMX level (vertical line flame test)
This is a UL standard residential cable (restricted cable). The applicable safety standards are UL1581 and VW-1. The experiment stipulated that the sample remained vertical and burned (30,000 TU/Hr) for 15 seconds with a test torch, then stopped for 15 seconds and repeated 5 times. The pass-through criteria for the remaining flame should not exceed 60 seconds and the sample should not burn more than 25%. The bottom of the surgical cotton should not be ignited by falling objects. UL1581-VW-1 is similar to IEC60332-1 except for the burning time. This grade also has no smoke or toxicity specifications and is intended for use in home or small office systems where a single cable is placed. This type of cable should not be bundled together and must have a sleeve. [1]
Low-smoke halogen-free cable (LSOH).
Low-smoke and halogen-free cables, as their name suggests, are smoke-free and halogen-free cables. The principle of low-smoke and non-halogen is that when the cable is burned in the flame, it will not produce a lot of toxic gas and smoke, so that people will not cause great casualties in the combustion, which greatly improves the people's survival rate in the fire.
The test requirements for low-smoke halogen-free cables meet three requirements:
Flame retardant requirements: Low smoke, halogen-free cables must be flame retardant. There are two flame retardant grades that are required to comply with IEC 60332.1 (vertical burning test for single cable) and IEC 60332.3C (vertical burning propagation test for bunched cable). Among them, the flame retardant requirements of IEC 60332.1 require the use of ordinary cable flame retardant requirements, while IEC 60332.3C requires relatively high flame retardant requirements at the trunk level.
Smoke Density Requirements: Smoke density tests are performed on low-smoke, halogen-free cables. It uses a fire to ignite a cable in a confined space. After the flame is extinguished, the final indoor smoke density is tested. It is required that in the presence of smoke, the light transmission capability can reach 60%. This ensures that people can see in the smoke. the way.
Toxicity requirements: There are several current toxicity testing methods, such as mouse experiments and so on. Halogen acid gas emission test (for low-halogen test) and gas acidity test (for halogen-free test) are used in the low-smoke halogen-free cable. The test principle is to determine the halogen content of the gas produced by the low-smoke halogen-free material at high temperatures (800°C and 935°C, respectively).
Some information describes the CM class requirements of IEC 60332.1 that are equivalent to UL (IEC 60332.2 is a test method for small diameter cables, that is, an alternative test method that cannot be used when testing 60332.1), and IEC 60332.3C is equivalent to UL CMR class requirements. In fact, the test methods of the four standards are not the same and cannot be directly compared.
In summary, there are two series of cables, one is the American CMX highly flame-retardant cable (the US standard clearly requires the CMX cable to contain halogen, in order to increase the temperature of the cable decomposition); the other is European FR/LSOH flame retardant/Low Smoke Zero Halogen Cable.
Folding this paragraph Fire Resistant Cable
In order to ensure the security of data, people hope that after a fire, they will have enough time to return all data before the entire network and transfer them to a safe place to minimize the possibility of data loss. Therefore, in the cable standards, there is also a type of fire protection standard called the "Line Integrity" standard. Its goal is that the cable can still keep the line open in the fire, so that the power and information can still be transmitted normally. Therefore, cables that meet the requirements for series integrity are also called fireproof cables.
At present, there are two types of common fireproof cable levels:
Chinese Standard: At 750°C, it can still work for 90 minutes (E90).
German standard: At 800-850°C, it can still work for 180 minutes (FE180).
Although the newly released China Data Center standard requires all cables to use CMP-grade integrated cable, that is, they can still be destroyed without damage at the temperature of 500°C, and the data can be transmitted normally, leaving a certain amount of time for emergency information backup. However, it does not meet the requirements of national standards for fireproof cables. It cannot be called fireproof cable.
Fire Survival Cables,Fire Fighting Cables,Fiber Optic Cable,Fire Alarm Cable
Jiangsu QiSheng Cable Co., Ltd. , http://www.shuaihe-cable.com